Photo 1 Lecture 13

April 14
Changing Directions

Exam #2 Results

		Number of students earning grade
		Exam #1	Exam #2
A	50 - 45 points	4	6
B	44 - 40 points	12	15
C	39 - 35 points	8	3
D	34 - 30 points	6	0
F	29 - 0 points	2	1

Highest score		47	49
Lowest score		29	27

Historic Context
	World Politics	Art World
1933	Hitler's Nazi Party seizes power - end of the German Weimar Republic	German troops stand at attention during Nuremburg Rally in 1935 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Reichsparteitag_1935_mod.jpg
	New Deal begins - program of government spending to end the Great Depression
1937		MOMA holds first exhibiton considering the history of photography, curated by the museum's librarian, Beaumont Newhall
1938		Walker Evans is first photographer to be given a solo show at MOMA
1939 - 1945	World War II - the largest war in history with more than 70 nations involved in the fighting and over 60 million deaths	German Bombers during Battle of Britain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg
1940		MOMA establishes first department of photography at a major museum
1941	Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor	Attack on Pearl Harbor. December 7, 1941. http://www.journaltimes.com/nucleus/media/1/20051206-pearl3.jpg
1945	First use of the Atomic Bomb at Hiroshima and Nagasaki
	Founding of United Nations

Normandy Invasion

Robert Capa. Normandy Invasion. June 6, 1944.
20th Century Photography Museum Ludwig Cologne. Taschen, Koln, 2005.

"If your pictures aren't good enough you're not close enough" - Robert Capa

Bernard Waldman. The Fat Man mushroom cloud resulting from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki. August 9, 1945.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nagasakibomb.jpg

Nagasaki before and after nuclear bombing. 1945.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after_%28adjusted%29.jpg

Hiroshima aftermath. 1945.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hiroshima_aftermath.jpg

Victim of the Hiroshima nuclear bombing. 1945.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gisei32.jpg

Joe Rosenthal. Raising Old Glory at Iwo Jima. February 23, 1945.
Marien, Mary Warner. Photography: A Cultural History. Second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2006.

Flags of Our Fathers

Alfred Eisenstaedt. V.J. Day. 1945.
Marien, Mary Warner. Photography: A Cultural History. Second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2006.

Dresden after allied bombing in 1945
http://www.carleton.ca/ces/EULearning/images/dresde2.jpg

Lee Miller. Buchenwald. April 1945.
Marien, Mary Warner. Photography: A Cultural History. Second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2006.

Holocaust Victims
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Holocaust123.JPG

1947	U.S. introduces Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe, Asia and the Soviet Union	Edward Steichen becomes MOMA's second department of photography director
	Soviet forces refuse Marshall Plan funds when they determine they cannot control the terms of the aid
1950 - 1953	Korean War - America combats the global expansion of Communism with inconclusive results
1950 - 57	"McCarthy Era" - Senator Joseph McCarthy accuses hundreds of Americans of being Communists while the leader of the House Committee on Un-American Activities	Library of Congress. Senator McCarthy. 1954. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Joseph_McCarthy.jpg
1951		J.D. Salinger publishes The Catcher in the Rye
1954		William Golding publishes The Lord of the Flies
1955		The Family of Man exhibition

The Family of Man
1955

The Family of Man

Wynn Bullock.
Steichen, Edward. The Family of Man. Museum of Modern Art, New York. 1955.

To "explain man to man" and to celebrate "the essential oneness of mankind throughout the world" - Steichen

The Family of Man exhibition

Photographer Unknown. The Family of Man Exhibition. 1955.
Steichen, Edward. The Family of Man. Museum of Modern Art, New York. 1955.

Child in the Forest

Wynn Bullock. Child in the Forest. 1951.
Steichen, Edward. The Family of Man. Museum of Modern Art, New York. 1955.

Peoplemontage

People photomontage.
Steichen, Edward. The Family of Man. Museum of Modern Art, New York. 1955.

Parents and children

Parents and children layout.
Steichen, Edward. The Family of Man. Museum of Modern Art, New York. 1955.

Dead Soldier

Raphel Platnick. Dead Soldier.
Steichen, Edward. The Family of Man. Museum of Modern Art, New York. 1955.

Hygrogem Bomb

Photographer Unknown. Atomic Cloud During Baker Day Blast at Bikini. 1946.
Marien, Mary Warner. Photography: A Cultural History. Second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2006.

Who is the slayer? Who the victim? Speak. - Sophocles

W. Eugene Smith

W. Eugene Smith.
Steichen, Edward. The Family of Man. Museum of Modern Art, New York. 1955.

“If Mr. Steichen’s well-intentioned spell doesn’t work, it can only be because he has been so intent on the physical similarities that unite ‘The Family of Man’ that he has neglected to conjure the intangible beliefs and preferences that divide men into countries and parties and clans. And he has utterly forgotten that a family quarrel can be as fierce as any other kind.” – Phoebe Lou Adams

Ansel Adams. Mount Williamson- Clearing Storm. 1944.	Pre-War Aesthetic:
	Previsualization
	Documentary style
	The decisive moment
	Genius, individual photographer

Aaron Siskind. Jerome, Arizona. 1949. Marien, Mary Warner. Photography: A Cultural History. Second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2006.	Post-War Aims:
	Photographers wanted to go beyond commercial look of social realism
	Exploration of the personal and the philosophical
	Self-expression and experimentation rather than documentation
	Elimination of the conventional

Arizona Landscape

Frederick Sommer. Arizona Landscape. 1943.

"What is the importance of Duchamp, if not to tell us that the things that go on in painting can be done without painting?" - Frederick Sommer

The Americans
1958

U.S. 285

Robert Frank. U.S. 285, New Mexico. 1955-56.
Frank, Robert. The Americans. SCALO Publishers, New York. 2000.

Parade- Hoboken

Robert Frank. Parade, Hoboken, New Jersey. 1955-56.
Frank, Robert. The Americans. SCALO Publishers, New York. 2000.

Trolley

Robert Frank. Trolley- New Orleans. 1955-56.
Frank, Robert. The Americans. SCALO Publishers, New York. 2000.

Navy Recruiting Office

Robert Frank. Navy Recruiting Station, Post Office- Butte, Montana. 1955-56.
Frank, Robert. The Americans. SCALO Publishers, New York. 2000.

Fourth of July

Robert Frank. Fourth of July- Jay, New York. 1955-56.
Frank, Robert. The Americans. SCALO Publishers, New York. 2000.

Robert Frank. Jehova's Witness, Los Angeles. 1955-56. Frank, Robert. The Americans. SCALO Publishers, New York. 2000.	Characteristics of images in The Americans:

	Disregard for established photojournalistic standards
	Private, unglamorous images
	Use of blur, grain and movement
	Sense of freedom
	No sense of security
	No decisive moment
	No independent masterpieces (like The Steerage), the series functions best as a whole


Robert Frank. City Hall- Reno, Nevada. 1955-56. Frank, Robert. The Americans. SCALO Publishers, New York. 2000.	Robert Frank. Indianapolis. 1955-56. Frank, Robert. The Americans. SCALO Publishers, New York. 2000.


Robert Frank. Covered Car- Long Beach, California. 1955-56. Frank, Robert. The Americans. SCALO Publishers, New York. 2000.	Robert Frank. Car Accident - U.S. 66, between Winslow and Flagstaff, Arizona. 1955-56. Frank, Robert. The Americans. SCALO Publishers, New York. 2000.

Charleston

Robert Frank. Charleston, South Carolina. 1955-56.
Frank, Robert. The Americans. SCALO Publishers, New York. 2000.

In the late 50s, alienated groups begin to gather in resistance	Ernest Withers. Workers Assembling for a Solidarity March, Memphis, Tennessee. 1968. Marien, Mary Warner. Photography: A Cultural History. Second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2006.
Civil Rights Movement of the 60s
Anti War movements
Feminist Movement of the 70s
Gay Rights Movement of the 80s

Robert Frank. Steichen, Edward. The Family of Man. Museum of Modern Art, New York. 1955.	1960s artists begin to question
	Existence
	Reality
	Societal norms
	American consumerism


	This questioning leads to a marked rejection of convention
	Who determines how a photo should look?
	What is photography?
	What is appropriate photographic subject matter?
	What is the responsibility of the photographer?

Structuralism = philosophical approach that analyzes society by looking at cultural phenomena, particularly signs, that have hidden underlying meanings that can be decoded

Robert Frank. Ranch Market - Hollywood. 1955 - 56.
Frank, Robert. The Americans. SCALO Publishers, New York. 2000.

Just What Is It...

Richard Hamilton. Just What Is It That Makes Today's Homes So Different, So Appealing? 1956.

Hamilton's sources:	Weegee. Coney Island Crowd. 1940. 20th Century Photography Museum Ludwig Cologne. Taschen, Koln, 2005.
Ceiling = telephoto view of the moon
Window view = movie marquee advertising Al Jolsen in the Jazz Singer
Painting = framed page from a romance comic strip
Lamp shade = Ford emblem
Stairs = Hoover vacuum ad
Rug = blown up image of Weegee's Coney Island Crowd

Andy Warhol. Gold Marilyn Monroe. 1962.

Marilyn Monroe's Lips

Andy Warhol. Marilyn Monroe's Lips. 1962.

Silkscreen demonstration

Semiotics = the study of signs, symbols and how meaning is constructed

Signifier (physical form) + signified (concept) = sign (the whole)

+ "apple" = the concept of apple

Relationship between the signifier and the signified is conventional – it is dependent on social and cultural conventions

The relationship between the signifier and the signified (the sign) is always arbitrary