Photo 1 Lecture 14

July 28
The Death of Photography

Cindy Sherman. Untitled #96. 1981.
Cruz, Amanda and Elizabeth A. T. Smith. Cindy Sherman: Retrospective. Chicago: Thames & Hudson, 1998.

Cindy Sherman. Untitled #93. 1981.

Cindy Sherman. Untitled #225. 1990.
Cruz, Amanda and Elizabeth A. T. Smith. Cindy Sherman: Retrospective. Chicago: Thames & Hudson, 1998.

Cindy Sherman. Untitled #261. 1992.
Fuku, Noriko. "A woman of Parts." Art in America. June 1997. 74 -81, 125.


Hans Bellmer. The Doll. c. 1934.	Claude Cahun. Self-portrait. c. 1929. Girls, Guerrilla. The Guerilla Girls' Bedside Companion to the History of Western Art. New York: Penguin Books, 1998.

Cindy Sherman. Untitled #263. 1992.
Cruz, Amanda and Elizabeth A. T. Smith. Cindy Sherman: Retrospective. Chicago: Thames & Hudson, 1998.


Jean Fouqot. Virgin and Child with Angels. c. 14532 - 55.	Cindy Sherman. Untitled #216. 1990. Grosenick, Uta ed. Women Artists in the 20th and 21st Century. Taschen, Koln. 2005.

Appropriation = the use of found or borrowed elements in the creation of a new artwork


Walter Benjamin's The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
In an age when images can be reproduced endlessly, there is no original
"Aura" is the feeling of awe created by unique object from the past - Capitalism destroys the aura because of proliferation, mass production and endless reproduction

Sherrie Levine
1947 -

Edward Weston . Neil Nude. 1925.	Witkin Gallery. Six Nudes of Neil, 1925 by Edward Weston. Poster announcing publicationof a limited edition portfolio printed by George A. Tice. 1977.
Weintraub, Linda. Art on the Edge and Over: Searching for Art's Meaning in Contemporary Society. Litchfield, CT: Art Insights, Inc.. 1996.

Sherrie Levine. After Edward Weston. 1981.


Polykleitos. Doryphoros. 450 - 440 BC. Janson, H.W. and Anthony F. Janson. History of Art. Sixth edition. University of North Carolina, Wilmington: Prentice Hall, Inc., 2001	Donatello. David. c. 1446-60(?)	Edward Weston . Neil Nude. 1925.

Sherrie Levine. After Walker Evans #4 . 1981.
Joselit, David. American Art Since 1945. London: Thames & Hudson, 2003.

Sherrie Levine. After Walker Evans #19 . 1981.
Grosenick, Uta ed. Women Artists in the 20th and 21st Century. Taschen, Koln. 2005.

“Confronts the contradiction between photography (an infinitely reproducible medium) and fine art (commonly considered a unique object). Many art photographers artificially curtail the size of their editions to give their work the aura of a unique object. This exclusivity is compromised when their work is then reproduced in books and magazines [and on the internet]. Levine rescues them from this process. The images she photographs originate in the media; but in framing and presenting them as singular works of art, she returns them to the privileged arena of fine art where such mid-twentieth-century photographers as Edward Weston and Walker Evans intended them to be seen.” – Linda Weintraub


Marcel Duchamp. Fountain. 1917. Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. Revised Second ed. Vol. 2. New York: Prentice Hall Inc., and Harry N. Abrams Inc., 2005.	Sherrie Levine. After Duchamp. 1991. Grosenick, Uta ed. Women Artists in the 20th and 21st Century. Taschen, Koln. 2005.

aftersherrielevine.com

Richard Prince
1949 -

Richard Prince. Untitled Cowboys. 1980 - 1986.
Hopkins,David. After Modern Art 1945 - 2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

E.T. Theatrical Poster. 1982. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:E_t_the_extra_terrestrial_ver3.jpg	Michelangelo. Sistine Chapel ceiling, Creation of Adam . 1508-12. Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. Revised Second ed. Vol. 2. New York: Prentice Hall Inc., and Harry N. Abrams Inc., 2005.
Jean Baudrillard's Simulacra and Simulation 1981
simulacra = a copy of a copy which has been so dissipated in its relation to the original that it can no longer be said to be a copy. The simulacrum therefore stands on its own as a copy without a model

Richard Prince. Untitled Cowboys #2.1989.
http://www.artcritical.com/appel/images/RPcow2.gif

Sold at Christie's Art auction for $1,248,000 on November 8th, 2005, setting world auction record for photography

Richard Prince. Spiritual America (after an original by Garry Gross). 1983.
http://www.rovetv.net/images/pr-spiritual-america.jpg

Brooke Shields in Pretty Baby

E.J. Bellocq. Storeyville Portrait. c. 1900 - 1917.

Richard Prince. Untitled (Girlfirend). 1993
http://www.rovetv.net/pr-interview.html

Barbara Kruger
1954 -

Barbara Kruger. Untitled (I Shop Therefore I Am). 1987.
Preble, Duane, Sarah Preble and Patrick Frank. Artforms. Seventh ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2002.

Barbara Kruger. Untitled (We Don't Need Another Hero). 1987.
Weintraub, Linda. Art on the Edge and Over: Searching for Art's Meaning in Contemporary Society. Litchfield, CT: Art Insights, Inc.. 1996.

Barbara Kruger. Untitled. 1981.
Fotofolio

Barbara Kruger. Untitled (Your body is a battleground). 1989.
Lazzari, Margaret and Dona Schlesier. Exploring Art: A Global, Thematic Approach. Second ed. Australia: Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

Barbara Kruger. Untitled (Your body is a battleground). 1989.
Weintraub, Linda. Art on the Edge and Over: Searching for Art's Meaning in Contemporary Society. Litchfield, CT: Art Insights, Inc.. 1996.

Andres Serrano
1950 -

Andres Serrano. Piss Christ. 1987.

Transcripts of Senate debate on Serrano's photo

Sister Wendy on Serrano's Piss Christ

Andres Serrano. Madonna and Child. 1989. http://www.answers.com/topic/madonna-and-child-ii-cibachrome-print-by-andres-serrano-1989-corcoran-gallery-of-art-washington-d-c-jpg	Andres Serrano explains:

	"As a former Catholic, and as someone who even today is not opposed to being called a Christian, I felt I had every right to use the symbols of the Church and resented being told not to."

	"I have always felt that my work is religious, not sacrilegious."

	" I think if the Vatican is smart, someday they'll collect my work."

Semen and Blood

Andres Serrano. Semen and Blood III. 1990.
Marien, Mary Warner. Photography: A Cultural History. Second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2006.

Andres Serrano. The Morgue (AIDS related Death II). 1992.
Riemschneider, Burkhard, and Uta Grosenick. Art at the Turn of the Millennium. Taschen, Koln. 1999.

Andres Serrano. Hacked to Death . 1992.
Riemschneider, Burkhard, and Uta Grosenick. Art at the Turn of the Millennium. Taschen, Koln. 1999.

Andres Serrano. The Morgue (Fatal Meningitis II). 1992.
Riemschneider, Burkhard, and Uta Grosenick. Art at the Turn of the Millennium. Taschen, Koln. 1999.

Andres Serrano. Klansman (Imperial Wizard III). 1990.
http://www.artnexus.com/images/content/webimages/2006/u0006293big.jpg

Andres Serrano. Nomads (McKinley). 1990 - 2006.
http://www.collectionlambert.com/pages/librairie-obj-an.htm

Andres Serrano photographing Klansman
http://www.inthesetimes.com/images/28/17/kkk.jpg

Robert Mapplethorpe
1946 - 1989

Robert Mapplethorpe. Calla Lily. 1984.
http://www.masters-of-photography.com/M/mapplethorpe/mapplethorpe_calla_full.html

Robert Mapplethorpe. Charles. 1985.
http://www.masters-of-photography.com/M/mapplethorpe/mapplethorpe_charles_full.html

Robert Mapplethorpe. Untitled (male nude). 1981.
20th Century Photography Museum Ludwig Cologne. Taschen, Koln, 2005.

Robert Mapplethorpe. Orchid. 1985.
http://images.artnet.com/artwork_images_230_14233_robert-mapplethorpe.jpg

Self-Portrait as a Woman

Robert Mapplethorpe. Self-Portrait as a Woman. 1980.
20th Century Photography Museum Ludwig Cologne. Taschen, Koln, 2005.

Robert Mapplethorpe. Self-Portrait. 1986.
http://www.masters-of-photography.com/M/mapplethorpe/mapplethorpe_self86_full.html

Robert Mapplethorpe. Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter. 1979.
http://www.masters-of-photography.com/images/full/mapplethorpe/mapplethorpe_chains.jpg

Robert Mapplethorpe. Self-Portrait with Bullwhip. 1978.
Warr, Tracey. The Artist's Body. London: Phaidon Press Ltd., 2000.

Robert Mapplethorpe. Self-Portrait. 1985.
http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/irvinem/visualarts/Image-Library/Mapplethorpe/RM-selfportrait-1985.jpg

Joel-Peter Witkin
1939 -

Poet

Joel-Peter Witkin. Poet: From a collection of relics and ornaments. 1986.
Koetzle, Hans-Michael. Photo Icons: the Story Behind the Pictures. Volume 2. Koln: Taschen, 2002.

Joel Peter Witkin. Le Baisier (New Mexico). 1982.
http://silencio.weblog.com.pt/images/eyes/Joel-PeterWitkin-LeBaisier.GIF

Un Santo Oscuro

Joel-Peter Witkin. Un Santo Oscuro. 1987.

More Witkin

Robert Mapplethorpe. American Flag. 1987. http://www.matthewlangley.com/blog/uploaded_images/artwork_images_ 909_179946_robert-mapplethorpe-759862.jpg	NEA mission - "to enrich our Nation and its diverse cultural heritage by supporting works of artistic excellence, advancing learning in the arts, and strengthening the arts in communities throughout the country."

	"Culture Wars" in the 1990s and their effects on the National Endowment for the Arts
	1990	Four artists apply for grants and are denied because their works deemed "indescent" by Congress
		NEA decides to cease funding for individual artists
	1991	Perfect Moment exhibition at Cincinnati Contemporary Arts Center
		Senator Jesse Helms rips copy of Piss Christ on Congressional floor
	1996	Congress cuts NEA funding by 30% to $99.5 million
		Congress votes to phase funding of NEA in two years
		House announces plan to eliminate NEA
	1998	Supreme Court determines that the statute mandating the NEA to consider “general standards of decency and respect for the diverse beliefs and values of the American public” in awarding grants is constitutional.
		"NEA Four" compensated with money equal to grant money they would have received
	2008	NEA has $144.7 million budget

Identity Politics

"the personal is political"

Identity politics formed as a strategy to counter social inequity

Considers the structures by which we define ourselves

Questions the idea of "normal"

Nan Goldin
1953 -

Nan Goldin. Nan and Brian in Bed. 1983.

The Ballad of Sexual Dependency 1980 - 1986

Nan Goldin. Nan One Month After Being Battered. 1984.
Grosenick, Uta ed. Women Artists in the 20th and 21st Century. Taschen, Koln. 2005.

Nan Goldin. Heart-Shaped Bruise.1980.
http://www.artforum.com/uploads/upload.000/id04292/article01_large.jpg

Nan Goldin. Cookie and Vittorio's Wedding. 1986.
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3620/3358401878_208dc27429.jpg

Nan Goldin. Cookie at Vittorio's Casket. 1989.
Grosenick, Uta ed. Women Artists in the 20th and 21st Century. Taschen, Koln. 2005.

Catherine Opie
1961 -

Catherine Opie. Self-Portrait. 1993.
http://www.saatchi-gallery.co.uk/blogon/upload/2008/10/opieselfportrait_cutting.jpg

Catherine Opie. Self-Portrait/ Pervert. 1994.
http://www.regenprojects.com/files/db15e039.jpg

Catherine Opie. Self-Portrait Nursing. 2004.
http://www.regenprojects.com/files/bec09099.jpg

Assorted definitions of "pervert" =

to lead astray morally

to turn away from the right course

to turn to an improper use; misapply

to bring to a less excellent state; vitiate; debase

Pathology. to change to what is unnatural or abnormal

Catherine Opie. Oliver in a Tutu. 2004.
http://mailer.e-flux.com/mail_images/1137801987aldrich.jpg

Sally Mann
1951 -

Sally Mann. Jessie and the Deer. 1985.
Mann, Sally. Immediate Family. New York: Aperture, 1992.

Sally Mann. Last Light . 1989.
Mann, Sally. Immediate Family. New York: Aperture, 1992.

The work is "about everybody's memories, as well as their fears." - Sally Mann

Sally Mann. The Terrible Picture. 1989.
Mann, Sally. Immediate Family. New York: Aperture, 1992.

Sally Mann. Flour Paste . 1989.
Mann, Sally. Immediate Family. New York: Aperture, 1992.

"This is the stuff of which Greek dramas are made: impatience, terror, self-discovery, self-doubt, pain, vulnerability, role-playing and a sense of immortality." - Aperture Magazine

Sally Mann. Candy Cigarette. 1989.
Mann, Sally. Immediate Family. New York: Aperture, 1992.

Len Prince. Jessie Mann. 2004.
http://www.edelmangallery.com/prince11.htm

More Len Prince

Felix Gonzalez Torres
1957 - 1996

Felix Gonzalez-Torres. Untitled (Bed). 1991.

Felix Gonzalez Torres. Clockwise from top left: Untitled (Death By Gun) 1990, Untitled (Aparicion) 1991, Untitled 1991,
Untitled (Republican Years) 1992.

Viewer takes home Untitled (Apparicion)
http://www.kopenhagen.dk/billeder/reportage/felix_gonzalez_torres_hamburger_bahnhof/

Sandy Skoglund. Revenge of the Goldfish. 1981.	Major postmodern photographic trend involves staged imagery
	Continues and extends the tradition of staged imagery, seen since photography's inception

	Postmodernists create photographic fictions as a rejection of modernist notions of finding beauty in the everyday and the confering of importance on the mundane

	Empasize that photographic images are "made," not "taken"

Sandy Skoglund
1946 -

Sandy Skoglund. The Green House. 1990.
Koetzle, Hans-Michael. Photo Icons: the Story Behind the Pictures. Volume 2. Koln: Taschen, 2002.

Sandy Skoglund constructing The Green House
Koetzle, Hans-Michael. Photo Icons: the Story Behind the Pictures. Volume 2. Koln: Taschen, 2002.

Jeff Wall
1946 -

Jeff Wall. Mimic. 1982.
http://www.tate.org.uk/modern/exhibitions/jeffwall/image/roomguide/rm3_mimic_lrg.jpg

A Sudden Gust of Wind

Jeff Wall. A Sudden Gust of Wind (After Hokusai). 1993.
Riemschneider, Burkhard, and Uta Grosenick. Art at the Turn of the Millennium. Taschen. 1999.


Hokusai. A Sudden Gust of Wind. 1831. Sayre, Henry M. A World of Art. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003.	Jeff Wall. A Sudden Gust of Wind (After Hokusai). 1993. Riemschneider, Burkhard, and Uta Grosenick. Art at the Turn of the Millennium. Taschen. 1999.

Jeff Wall. Dead Troops Talk (A Vision After An Ambush of a Red Army Patrol,
Near Moqor, Afghanistan, Winter 1986). 1991 - 92.
Riemschneider, Burkhard, and Uta Grosenick. Art at the Turn of the Millennium. Taschen. 1999.

More Jeff Wall

Yasumasa Morimura
1951 -

Yasumasa Morimura. Self-Portrait (Actress)/White Marilyn. 1996.
Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. Revised Second ed. Vol. 2. New York: Prentice Hall Inc., and Harry N. Abrams Inc., 2005.

Marlene Dietrich

Marlene Dietrich. Morrocco publicity still. 1933.
http://carnap.umd.edu/queer/picture_gallery/lgMarlene.jpeg

Yasumasa Morimura. Self-portrait After Marlene Dietrich. 1996.

Marcel Duchamp as Rrose Selavy

Yasumasa Morimura. Doublonnage (Marcel). 1988.
http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0004/11992/Yasumasa_Morimura_-_Doublonnage.jpg

Yasumasa Morimura. To My Little Sister: for Cindy Sherman. 1998.
http://membres.lycos.fr/morimura/art_history/ym_cindy01b.jpg

Every image is staged. No image is trustworthy.
Nadar. Sarah Bernhardt. 1865. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb /7/7f/Nadar_2.jpg/482px-Nadar_2.jpg	Yasumasa Morimura. Self-portrait After Marilyn Monroe. 1996. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0a/%27Self_Portrait%2C_After_Marilyn_Monroe%27%2C_--Gelatin-silver_process-gelatin_silver_print--_by_--Yasumasa_Morimura--%2C_1996%2C_--The_Contemporary_Museum%2C_Honolulu--.jpg

Alfredo Jaar . Gold in the Morning. 1985.

What is the difference between film and digital modes?	Thomas Struth. Louvre IV. 1989. Riemschneider, Burkhard, and Uta Grosenick. Art at the Turn of the Millennium. Taschen. 1999.
In the analogue era, we could assume that the manipulated image was the exception to the rule
In the digital era, we must assume the opposite because the digital image is infinitely malliable

“People are much more willing to believe that pictures lie than that they can express any kind of truth.” – Laurie Simmons

Historic Context
1990	Germany reunited
	Kodak unveils first comercially available digital camera
	Adobe Photoshop software marketed
1991	USSR dissolved
1994	Advent of World Wide Web
1999	Camera phone invented
2001	Attacks on World Trade Center and Pentagon
	U.S. bombs Afghanistan
2003	U.S. and Britain launch war on Iraq
2004	Tsunami in South Asia
	Kodak announces it will no longer produce black and white paper or slide projectors
2005	Hurricane Katrina and massive flooding in New Orleans
2007	Global economic crisis significantly prompted by unregulated housing loan practices
2009	Barack Obama becomes the first African American president of the United States

National Geographic February 1982
http://cgi.ebay.com/National-Geographic-February-1982-MINT_W0QQitemZ280112826291QQih
Z018QQcategoryZ280QQssPageNameZWDVWQQrdZ1QQcmdZViewItem#ebayphotohosting

Time Magazine. O.J. Simpson. 1994.

Unknown. John Kerry and Jane Fonda. 2004.
http://www.snopes.com/photos/politics/kerry2.asp

Anonymous. Tourist Guy. 2001.
http://z.about.com/d/urbanlegends/1/0/m/2/missing.jpg

As we move into the digital age we are confronted with a pressing question - Is photography dead?

Have we entered into a new phase of image history?

Is the meaning of the photographic image now being mediated by the invention of digital systems in the way that painting was modified by the invention of photography?

Are the concerns of the digital age different from those of the analogue age?

“It may be premature to say that we are living now in a ‘post-photographic’ age, despite the digitization of photography, for the illusions that the image can render have not yet been rendered irrelevant by the advancing picture-making technology of the computer. Nevertheless, it is a growing part of our contemporary consciousness that photography’s function within our culture is at a crisis moment whose outcome is not yet certain.” – Miles Orvell

Thomas Struth. Milan Cathedral. 1998.
http://www.guggenheimcollection.org/site/artist_work_lg_149A_1.html

Andreas Gursky. 99 Cent. 1999.
Museum of Modern Art. Postcard. New York: MOMA, 2003.

Richard Prince's Cowboy sold at Christie's Art auction for $1,248,000 on November 8th, 2005, setting world auction record for photography	Andreas Gursky. 99 Cent Diptychon. 2001.

This record was broken during a 2006 auction of two works from Georgia O'Keefe's collection
An image by Stieglitz of Georgia nude sold for $1,360,000
Another image by Stieglitz taken of Georgia's hands sold for $1,472,000

Andreas Gursky's 99 Cent II Diptychon sold for $3,346,456 at auction in February, 2007, making it the most expensive photograph to date

Alfred Stieglitz. Georgia's Hands. 1918.

Yinka Shonibare. Diary of a Victorian Dandy. 1998.
Marien, Mary Warner. Photography: A Cultural History. Second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2006.

“Art is better than life, you can construct your own history, your own fantasy within a range of artifices. There are no boundaries. It is just like being an alchemist with a power of transformation.” - Yinka Shonibare

“In America, the photographer is not simply the person who records the past, but the one who invents it.” - Susan Sontag

Brady Robinson. Roman Centurians and Jesus. 2008.
http://www.heinemanmyers.com/html/Detail.asp?WorkInvNum=1136&whatpage=artist

Brady Robinson. Roman Centurions, The Character Christ, and Crowd. 2008.
http://www.heinemanmyers.com/html/detail.asp?workinvnum=1137

Brady Robinson. Tourists and Cross. 2008.
http://www.heinemanmyers.com/html/detail.asp?workinvnum=1131

Ken Gonzales Day. Erased Lynching. 2005.
http://kengonzalesday.com/projects/erasedlynching/01.htm

More Ken Gonzales Day

Alfred Stieglitz. The Steerage. 1907.	Edward Weston. Pepper #30. 1930.	Dorothea Lange. Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California. 1936.
Robert Mapplethorpe. Self-Portrait with Bullwhip. 1978.	Cindy Sherman. Untitled Film Still #21. 1978.	Catherine Opie. Oliver in a Tutu. 2004.

Joel Meyerowitz. World Trade Center, Archive Project. 2001.
Orvell, Miles. American Photography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Flag Raising at Ground Zero. 2001.

Canal Street

John Mccusker. Canal Street, New Orleans. 2005.
Marien, Mary Warner. Photography: A Cultural History. Second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2006.

Shepard Fairey. Obama Hope. 2008.
http://noveltyknees.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/shepard_fairey_obama.jpg