Photo 1 Lecture 3

Invention of Photographies

San Francisco Camera Obscura

Camera Obscura in San Francisco behind the Cliff
Househttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Camera_Obscura_(San_Francisco).JPG


Silhouette machine Rosenblum, Naomi. A World History of Photography. Abbeville Press, New York. 1989.	modern day silhouette tracing http://www.eastmanhouse.org/events/detail/photo-workshop-11-2011

The Orientalist

Physionotrace as illustrated by Walton Ford in The Orientalist, 1999.
Katz, Steven and Dodie Kazanjian. Walton Ford: Tigers of Wrath, Horses of Instruction. New York: 2002.


Drawing with a Camera Lucida. 1834.	artist using a camera lucida http://www.the-learning-eye.eu/33-1-slowing-down-the-eye.html

2. Chemical Reproduction of the Effects of Light

1800 Thomas Wedgwood is first known inventor to attempt to record the effects of light with a camera obscura
"sun pictures"

Placed objects on leather or paper sensitized with silver nitrate
Quickly turned shades of gray when exposed to light
Wedgwood could not permanently fix the image - the silhouettes had to be viewed with minimal light and stored in a completely light tight environment

Although none of Wedgwood's sun pictures survive, Anna Atkins's cyanotype images provide an example of what such an image would look like

3. The Chemical Fix

Portrait of Joseph Nicephore Niepce
Rosenblum, Naomi. A World History of Photography. Abbeville Press, New York. 1989.

lithographic negative and positive print

1816	Niepce produces first "heliographs"
	Images quickly disappear because the light sensitivity of his chemicals is never stopped
1822	Niepce discovers that bitumen of judea bleaches and hardens when exposed to light (light sensitivity stops because the substance hardens)
		bitumen of Judea = form of asphalt, used by etchers to coat metal plates before drawing upon them with a stylus
	Niepce makes paper of a lithographic print transparent by coating with oil
	Places semi-transparent print onto glass plate coated with bitumen of judea
	Laid the plate in sun for several hours
	Creating permanent image transfer using light


Isaac Briot. Portrait of Cardinal d'Amboise. c. 1650. Engraving	Nicephore Niepce. Copy of Engraving of Cardinal d'Amboise. 1826. Heliograph.
Newhall, Beaumont. The History of Photography. The Museum of Modern Art, New York. 1982.

Heliographic plate

Joseph Nicephore Niepce. Heliographic plate. 1825.
Bajac, Quentin. The Invention of Photography. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York. 2002.

1826 Niepce begins experimenting with pewter plates	http://greg.org/archive/niepce_positive_print_uta.jpg

Coated pewter plate with bitumen of judea
Placed plate inside a camera obscura on a window sill
Estimated exposure time of 8 to 10 hours, possibly as long as 20 hours

Joseph Nicephore Niepce. View from His Window at Le Gras. c. 1826. Heliograph.
Bajac, Quentin. The Invention of Photography. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York. 2002.

Niepce's original image

Enter Daguerre...

Daguerre

Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre
Bajac, Quentin. The Invention of Photography. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York. 2002.

Daguerre's diorama

Daguerre's diorama in the Church of Bry-sur-Marne
http://www.midley.co.uk/diorama/Diorama_Wood_3_files/Bry_expo2001_dio.jpg

In 1819 Sir John Frederick William Herschel provides the final element necessary when he discovers that hyposulphite of soda will arrest the action of light, making photographic images permanent	Julia Margaret Cameron. Sir John Frederick William Herschel. 1867. http://www.vam.ac.uk/images/image/4224-popup.html
Develops chemical recipe for 'hypo', which stops silver salts reacting with light, thereby fixing the image permanently
Hyposulphite of soda acts as a fixer, removing unexposed silver halide, and therefore preventing any further reaction to light



Later coins the term photography = light writing
and applies the terms "positive" and "negative"

1829	Daguerre and Niepce agree to share all knowledge, honor and profit from their collaborative invention	Silver Nitrate http://www.dfgoldsmith.com/metals_compounds_gallery.php
1831	Daguerre discovered that silver iodide was more light sensitive than silver nitrate
1833	Niepece died of a stroke
1834	Daguerre experiments with new process using silver iodide
	Used professional camera with quality lens
	Used silver-plated sheet of copper sensitized with silver iodide
	Reduced exposure time to 20 to 30 minutes
1835 - 1839	Daguerre succeeds in permanently fixing an image

Daguerre's process:		Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre. Still Life in Studio. 1837. Daguerreotype. Richard G. Tansey & Fred S. Kleiner. Gardner's Art Through the Ages. Tenth ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1996, p. 959.

Used silver-plated sheet of copper
Placed silver side down over box containing iodine
	Iodine fumes reacted with the silver to create light sensitive silver iodide on the surface of the plate
Exposed the plate in a camera obscura for several hours
	No image visible afterwards
Exposed plate to fumes from heated mercury
	Image became visible
Plate bathed in strong solution of table salt
	Halted the light sensitivity of the silver iodide
Plate washed in water

Le Boulevard du Temple

Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre. Le Boulevard Du Temple. c. 1837. Daguerreotype.
Preble, Duane, Sarah Preble and Patrick Frank. Artforms. Seventh ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2002.


Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre. Le Boulevard Du Temple. c. 1837. Daguerreotype. Preble, Duane, Sarah Preble and Patrick Frank. Artforms. Seventh ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2002.	Attributed to Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre. Daguerreotype of M. Huet?. 1837. Bajac, Quentin. The Invention of Photography. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York. 2002.

Hippolyte Bayard. Plaster Casts. c. 1839. Direct paper positive. Newhall, Beaumont. The History of Photography. The Museum of Modern Art, New York. 1982.	1838	Daguerre hires Count Francois Arago, Secretary of the Academy of Sciences, to promote invention and secure copyright from government
	1839	Hippolyte Bayard makes direct positives on sensitized paper
			Exposes paper with silver chloride emulsion to light
			Soaks paper in potassium iodide
			Exposes paper in obscura about 12 minutes
			Washes paper in bath of hyposulphite of soda
		Bayard shows examples of prints to Count Arago
			Arago pressures Bayard not to publish results of his experiments

January 9, 1839	Arago announces Daguerre's process to a joint session of the Academy of Science and the Academy of Fine Art
August 19, 1839	Daguerre's process publicly announced and Daguerre receives French patent
	Daguerre receives lifetime pension from French government
	Daguerre applies for English patent on the process
	Daguerre claims full credit for the invention (Niepce goes unrecognized for years)
	Niepce's son has to sue the government for compensation for his part in Daguerre's process

Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre. Triptych with three daguerreotypes presented to King Ludwig I of Bavaria. 1839.
Koetzle, Hans-Michael. Photo Icons: The Story Behind the Pictures. Volume 1. Koln: Taschen, 2002.

Daguerreotype camera

1839 Daguerreotype camera
http://theonlinephotographer.typepad.com/the_online_photographer/2010/05/index.html

1839 Daguerreotype Giroux sold for approximately $899,000 in 2010 making it the most expensive camera. Alphonse Giroux was the brother-in-law of Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre
who manufactured the devices and sold them internationally.

The Propylea

Pierre Gusttave Joly de Ltbiniere. The Propylaea at Athens. Aquatint engraving from a daguerreotype. 1839.
Newhall, Beaumont. The History of Photography. The Museum of Modern Art, New York. 1982.